Empirical Earth · Shape, Curvature & the Horizon

The seismic shadow zone — X-raying a layered sphere of known radius

The claim

“Nobody has dug deep, so the molten core and 6,371 km radius are invented.”

What is measured

Earthquake waves cast a P-wave “shadow zone” between 103° and 142° from the quake. That is the fingerprint of a layered, spherical Earth with a dense core.

What would show this is wrong

S-waves detected on the far side of Earth, or no P-wave shadow zone between about 103° and 142°.

Sources

  1. Seismic shadow zone & Earth's layered interior. S-waves vanish beyond ~103° from a quake (liquid outer core); P-waves are refracted into a shadow ring ~103°–142°. The Gutenberg discontinuity link
  2. Earth’s interior, read from seismic waves. Lehmann (1936) inferred a solid inner core from PKIKP arrivals inside the P-wave shadow zone; Dziewonski & Anderson’s Preliminary Reference Earth M link
  3. The seismic picture of the core. Browser-based tools such as the IRIS (EarthScope) Seismic Waves Viewer animate real earthquakes traveling through the planet, showing P-waves passing through link
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